To what extent can Frontex be held jointly liable for Human Rights Violations in Joint Operations under EU Law? ‘NOT GUILTY: A matter of luck or a gap in the law? Frontex and the Challenge of Joint Liability under EU Law.’

1. Introduction 2. The Role of Frontex 2.1 Historical Background of Frontex 2.2 Frontex's Operational Mandate 2.3 Legal Framework Governing Frontex 3. Human Rights and EU Law 3.1 Fundamental Human Rights in EU 3.2 Human Rights Obligations of Member States 3.3 Mechanisms for Human Rights Protection 4. Joint Operations under EU Law 4.1 Definition and Scope of Joint Operations 4.2 Legal Responsibilities in Joint Operations 4.3 Case Studies of Joint Operations 5. Liability Concepts in EU Law 5.1 Joint Liability in International Law 5.2 EU Mechanisms for Liability 5.3 Precedents of Joint Liability 6. Exploring Frontex's Liability 6.1 Legal Challenges to Holding Frontex Liable 6.2 Case Analysis: Frontex's Past Operations 6.3 The Role of EU Institutions 7. Legal Gaps and Challenges 7.1 Identifying Legal Gaps in EU Law 7.2 Consequences of Legal Ambiguities 7.3 Comparative Analysis with Non-EU Practices 8. Conclusions and Recommendations 8.1 Summary of Findings 8.2 Recommendations for Policy Enhancement 8.3 Future Research Directions