Issues of the Application of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard to Foreign Investments in International Law

1. Introduction 1.1 Objective of the Study 1.2 Background and Context 1.3 Research Questions 2. Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard 2.1 Definition and Importance 2.2 Historical Development 2.3 Core Elements 3. Legal Framework of FET 3.1 International Investment Agreements 3.2 Bilateral Investment Treaties 3.3 Multilateral Treaties 4. Interpretation Challenges 4.1 Ambiguity in Language 4.2 Varying Jurisprudence 4.3 Cases of Misinterpretation 5. Application in Case Law 5.1 Landmark Cases 5.2 Role of Arbitrators 5.3 Impact on Investor Rights 6. Comparison with Other Standards 6.1 Minimum Standard of Treatment 6.2 National Treatment 6.3 Most-Favored-Nation Treatment 7. Criticisms and Controversies 7.1 Lack of Consistency 7.2 Allegations of Bias 7.3 Calls for Reform 8. Conclusion and Recommendations 8.1 Summary of Findings 8.2 Implications for Policy Makers 8.3 Future Research Directions

1. How does the ambiguity in the language of international investment agreements affect the interpretation and application of the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard by arbitrators in international law? 2. In what ways have landmark cases influenced the evolution of the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard, and what impact has this had on investor rights and legal predictability in international investment law?