1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Rationale 1.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 Structure of the Paper 2. Defining Epistemology in Sciences 2.1 Conceptual Framework 2.2 Key Philosophical Questions 2.3 Relevance to Natural Sciences 3. Historical Development of Scientific Epistemology 3.1 Ancient Philosophical Contributions 3.2 Middle Ages Interpretations 3.3 Renaissance and Enlightenment 4. Major Epistemological Theories 4.1 Empiricism and Its Impact 4.2 Rationalism in Scientific Thought 4.3 The Role of Constructivism 5. Influential Philosophers and Their Contributions 5.1 Aristotle and Empirical Methods 5.2 Descartes and Rational Approach 5.3 Kant's Epistemological Synthesis 6. Case Studies in Natural Sciences 6.1 Physics: From Newton to Einstein 6.2 Chemistry: Dalton to Modern Theory 6.3 Biology: Darwin to Genomics 7. Critiques and Debates 7.1 Positivism vs. Falsificationism 7.2 The Problem of Induction 7.3 Science vs. Non-scientific Knowledge 8. Conclusion and Future Directions 8.1 Summary of Key Findings 8.2 Implications for Understanding Science 8.3 Directions for Future Research
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