1. Introduction 2. Urban Heat Island Effects 2.1 Definition and Overview 2.2 Causes of Urban Heat Islands 2.3 Impacts on Urban Environments 3. Green Roofs: An Overview 3.1 Definition and Types 3.2 Benefits Beyond Temperature Regulation 3.3 Global Adoption Trends 4. Mechanisms of Temperature Mitigation 4.1 Heat Absorption and Reflectivity 4.2 Insulation Properties 4.3 Cooling Effects of Vegetation 5. Case Studies of Urban Areas 5.1 North American Cities 5.2 European Examples 5.3 Asian Urban Implementations 6. Quantitative Measurements 6.1 Temperature Sensors and Data Collection 6.2 Comparison with Non-Green Roofs 6.3 Long-Term Data Analysis 7. Challenges in Implementation 7.1 Cost and Economic Viability 7.2 Structural and Design Considerations 7.3 Maintenance Requirements 8. Future Research Directions 8.1 Advanced Material Developments 8.2 Integration with Other Urban Solutions 8.3 Policy and Incentive Strategies
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