1. Introduction 2. Historical Background of Ijtihad 2.1 Development of Ijtihad 2.2 Key Scholars of Ijtihad 2.3 Ijtihad in Classical Period 2.4 Decline and Revival Movements 3. The Concept of Ijtihad in Islam 3.1 Definition and Importance 3.2 Types of Ijtihad 3.3 Criteria for a Mujtahid 4. Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law 4.1 Overview of Sharia Law 4.2 Islamic Legal Punishments 4.3 Objectives of Islamic Punishments 5. Ijtihad in Contemporary Islamic Jurisprudence 5.1 Modern Interpretations 5.2 Role in Legal Reformation 5.3 Challenges and Criticisms 6. Case Studies in Ijtihad 6.1 Landmark Cases in Islamic World 6.2 Ijtihad Applications in Pakistan 6.3 Comparative Analysis of Cases 7. Ijtihad in Current Pakistani Legal System 7.1 Historical Context of Pakistani Law 7.2 Implementation in Judiciary 7.3 Impact on Criminal Justice 8. Future Perspectives and Challenges 8.1 Potential for Legal Reforms 8.2 Socio-political Implications 8.3 Bridging Traditional and Modern Practices
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